Tigray, located in northern Ethiopia and bordering Eritrea, was at the center of the armed conflict between the Ethiopian Federal Government and the Tigray Regional Government from 2020 to 2022. The conflict left a significant legacy of explosive ordnance contamination across northern Ethiopia. While the war affected Tigray, Afar, and Amhara regions, some of the most intense and prolonged fighting took place in Tigray, resulting in widespread contamination by landmines, UXO a

Libya has cleared millions of explosive remnants – yet released land often remains unused. When political fragmentation undermines trust in who certifies safety, operational success means little. What does it take for clearance to truly translate into recovery?